Design #1

Research Question: Will travel and exposure to different cultures have a positive effect on the Big Five Personality traits?

Justification of Design

            The design used to test the research question will be a correlational design. This design was chosen because we are attempting to see how these two variables (travel and those specific personality traits) are related to each other. A strength of this correlational design is to understand and observe a possible relationship between these two variables, while manipulation and control of an independent variable are not possible or ethical. This design allows for theory development where subsequent research can take place and this hypothesis may be tested experimentally. We could not use an experimental or quasi-experimental design because we need to elucidate the relations between these two variables, rather than having control over them.  Although this design is great for studying observational correlations, casual claims cannot be made. With this study however, the third variable problem is prevalent, meaning there is a possibility of a third variable that is the actual cause of the potential covary.

Hypothesis

            People who tend to travel more and are thus exposed to new ways of life and cultures will score higher on the positive attributes of the Big Five Personality Traits, while simultaneously scoring lower on the scale of neuroticism.

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Method

Participants

            We expect a sample size of 75 participants from a research methods course. We expect that they will be mostly female with an average age of 20 or 21.

Materials

            The observational material will be a 75-question questionnaire, allowing people to describe themselves as honestly as they can, in relation to other people they know of that are the same sex, and roughly the same age. For each question, the participant will indicate for each statement whether it is 1. Very Inaccurate, 2, Moderately Inaccurate, 3. Neither Accurate Not Inaccurate, 4. Moderately Accurate, or 5. Very Accurate as a description of themselves. 50 questions will be devoted to personality characteristics, while 15 will be used to assess their travel experience. Alongside this we will also ask participants for basic demographic information (e.g., age, gender, year in school, and income).

            This questionnaire that we are utilizing is provided by Open-Source Psychometrics Project, and it is designed to measure the Big-Five factor markers.

Link to questionnaire: https://ipip.ori.org/new_ipip-50-item-scale.htm

Procedure

            The participants will complete this questionnaire on their own time, through an online source. Informed Consent approved by the Institutional Review (IRB) will first be asked of all participants. The participants will complete this multiple-choice questionnaire that should take about 10 minutes to complete.

Expected Results

            We will be comparing the test scores of the first section of the Big-Five personality test in correlation to the travel section of the questionnaire, with the demographic results in mind. We expect that those who score higher results in openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and lower in neuroticism, will have had more experience traveling. We can also compare our relative demographic variables to find relationships among this correlation.

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Design #2

Research Question: How does the amount of travel and exposure to new cultures effect the traits on the Big-Five Personality scale?

Justification of Design

            The design used to test this research question will be a descriptive design. A descriptive design was chosen because of its ability to identify trends, frequencies, categories, and characteristics. Using this design will allow us to survey our participants, making the data quickly and easily obtained in order to classify results. Using a descriptive design also offers a higher degree of external validity than in an experiment. We cannot use an experimental or quasi-experimental design because we have very little information regarding this phenomenon being tested, and we aren’t controlling any factor. We are unable to use a correlational design because we aren’t examining relationships, but merely describing them. However, one limit of this design is that there is low internal validity due to lack of control over the setting and variables.

Hypothesis

            Individuals who report greater likeliness of agreeing with the opinions and being open to participating in the listed activities provided on the survey, will have had greater travel experience.

Method

Participants

            We expect a sample size of 75 participants from a research methods course. We expect that they will be mostly female with an average age of 20 or 21.

Materials

            The quantitative measure we will be using is 44-question survey that asks the participant how likely on a scale from 1-5 they are to agree with the ideas and participate in the listed activities provided. The ideas and activities will all coincide with attributes of agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness. We will also ask participants for basic demographic information (e.g., age, gender, year in school, and income).

Procedure

            The participants will complete this survey online. Informed consent approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) will be first asked of all participants. Second, participants will complete the survey containing the measures of all positive Big Five Personality factors. The study should take about 10 minutes to complete.

Expected Results

            We will compare the incomes of students versus their travel experience. We will also examine the remaining demographic variables and see how they might affect both the outcome of travel experience and the bipolar Big Five Personality traits. For example, examine difference in age regarding travel experience, or gender differences.

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