Articles in this annotated bibliography and their explanations.

Grimes . L (2017) The Value of Black Lives: The Effect of the Digital Age on African American Identity and Political Participation American Identity and Political Participation. The Journal of Traditions & Beliefs: Vol. 5 , Article 8. Available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/jtb/vol5/iss1/8

             The article main focus is presentation of the social media as an active space where individuals bearing a common identity can form groups to air their grievances without the disruption of the media and the political figures.  The article specifically addresses the African- American community which has used the social media networks in shaping the black identity in places where they have historically been marginalized. The work is made unique through  the use of past and present narratives on the identity of the Black persons in determination of  their participation in the communities  especially politically.  The author concludes that the digital platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have been instrumental in shaping the identity of the Black people and eventually placing them strategically in political activities.  He asserts that the Social Media platform has been useful as a platform for voicing the concerns for people who have been voiceless in the past. The article is helpful in the research work as it helps in the development of knowledge how the black activism translates into the political participation through the use of the social media sites.

 Maraj, M. L, Prasad, P, and Roundtree, V.S (2019) #BlackLivesMatter: pasts, presents, and futures .  Taylor and Francis  History, Theory, Criticism Volume 40, 2018 – Issue 1-2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01440357.2019.1668638

             The article main focus is deconstructing the ideals that have long perpetuated violence against the Blacks. The injustices that have been encountered by the blacks such as murders, and shootings  have emanated from the radicalized perceptions of the blacks.  The article is unique as it presents the visibility of the Black Woman in the social spaces that are continually racialized, and gendered and filled with all manners of sexualized violence. The article presents an opportunity for the reevaluation of the Black identity.   The article envisions ways in which the identity of the Black people can be formed free from the philosophies developed in the past. The  author concludes that  the understanding of the #Blacklivesmatter can only be understood in the future as a result of the past and the current occurrences in the social media sites. The article is helpful in the research work as it focuses on the aspect of gender and the formation of the Black identity as a continual process.

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Happer, C and Philo, G (2013) The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2013, Vol. 1(1), doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96.. https://jspp.psychopen.eu/article/view/96/37

The article focuses on the role of Media in the publicizing issues to the community around the world and the impact it holds in the information bringing societal transformation.  The article focuses on how the audience consuming the information presented in the various media channels critically examines the information to form their own belief.  Specifically, the article addresses the manner in which media can be used as a platform by Lobbyists in the construction of a narrative.   The author describes the manner in which the content creation is a two way activity as both the lobbyists and the media platforms contributes to the information shared which ultimately shapes public opinion. The article is helpful in the research work as it would bring out the manner in which political activists can make use of the social media sites in the development of the content that is geared towards social change.  The activities of the Black people will help in creation of the content about them by media houses. The use of hash tags such as Black lives matter will help in advocacy for change in the treatment of the African- American.

De Choudhury, M., Jhaver, S., Sugar, B., & Weber, I. (2016). Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality. Proceedings of the … International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2016, 92–101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565729/

The article main focus is the propagation of the socio-political movements through the use of the social media platforms.  The article focuses on the use of Twitter, as a social media platform in the running of the Black lives matter movement.  The article special feature is in the collective participations of various people in different locations in the Black lives matter movement concluded with the current happenings on the ground.  The author concludes that the perceptions of people in areas that are dominated by the Blacks victimization often mention the loss of life and have negative remarks. The author also concludes that the Social Media movements such as the Black lives matter are a forecast to the future protests that may happen physically on the ground.   I might use the article in the future research work as it presents the transition  of the Black movement from the social media platforms to the actual happenings. It acts to a pointer as to what pointers could be used in prediction of protests on the ground.

Mundt M, Ross, K, and  Burnett, M. C (2018). Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society October-December 2018: 1 –14 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328656463_Scaling_Social_Movements_Through_Social_Media_The_Case_of_Black_Lives_Matter

            The article main focus is the use of the social media platforms by the various movement groups as a ground for scaling up.  The article uses the case of the Black lives matter as a reflection of the manner in which social media platforms especially Twitter and Facebook is useful in the strengthening of the activities of the movement. The special feature of the article is the manner in which the social media sites were used in the organization of people’s groups, building coalitions, collection of resources and changing the existing narratives on the Black lives. The authors conclude that social media plays a key role in the establishing of the connections across the various groups and movements eventually improving the movement impact in the online and the physical platforms. In the research work, the article will prove helpful as a means in which the social media platforms help in formation and eventual participation of people in social movements.  The article will help in the presentation of the manner in which the political activism can be formed in social media sites before actual execution of the intents of the movement on the ground.

Woods, H  and James A. M(2016). “#BlackLivesMatter as A Case Study in the Politics of Digital Media: Algorithms, HashtagPublics, and Organizing Protest Online.”Teaching Media Quarterly4, no. 1 (2016).http://pubs.lib.umn.edu/tmq/vol4/iss1/5

The article focuses on the use of the social media, the algorithms of hash tags in organization of  social protests in the online platforms. The article describes the manner in which the social media platform conducted the  movements in  advocating for change in the racism facing the African- America community. The article specifically points out how reforms that could have required institution structures are coherently organized in the social media sites and  become fruitful. The authors conclude that the social media platforms has been a critical tool in the propagation of the Black lives matter movement. The authors additionally point out to the social change that has transpired from the movement of the activism activities organization from the physical to the online platforms. The article is helpful in the research work as it helps in the formation of the basis of transition in the way movements are formed up  in the digital era to the actual execution of the protests in the ground.

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Cumberbatch, T, and Trujillo-Pagán, N (2016) Hashtag Activism and Why #BlackLivesMatter In (and To) the Classroom. Radical Teacher No. 106(Fall2016) Doi 10.5195/Rt.2016.302 http://radicalteacher.library.pitt.edu

The article focuses on the manner in which the social media sites have emerged as the new global space where the communities carry out conversations on race and social justice. Specifically, the article focuses on the manner in which social media platforms such as Twitter pooled communities in the search of social justice. It describes how the hash tag Black lives matter has been used in the documentation of the atrocities done to the Black and Brown people and eventually the attention that the hash tags brought the attention of the social justice quest to the media.  The authors conclude that the social media space can be used in advocating for social justice in many areas apart from the racial injustices area.  The authors find it that the current generation of the civil society expresses itself in the social media platform now than in the past age. The article is helpful in the research work as it advocates the manner in which the online space is both a platform for content creation on issues as well as a space for advocating for social justice.  It helps in noting how individuals create content in one theme according to the issue at hand, thus raising awareness to the media on its existence.

Yung, G ( 2016). Narrative Agency in Hashtag Activism: The Case of #BlackLivesMatter. Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183-2439)2016, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 13-17doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i4.692. https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/692/692

The article focuses on how the hast tag activism occurs when large numbers of people post using the same hash tags in similar content. The narrative agency arises from the mutual connection of the content posted in the social media sites such as Black lives matter.  The special feature of the article is the description of the hast tag activism as a narrative. It propels the idea that the content does not just describe the event but helps in understanding the event in the manner in which they are adequately described. The author describes the narrative agency as a developmental process. It articulates the beginning of the Black lives matter in documentation of what triggered the social injustices. The narrative proceeds to the description of the current events in the Social justices for Black people and ultimately the means of seeking the social justice. The article is helpful in the future research work as it presents a sequential manner in which activities related to the Black lives movement are conducted in the social places.

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Gallagher RJ, Reagan AJ, Danforth CM, Dodds PS (2018) Divergent discourse between protests and counter-protests: PLoSONE 13(4): e0195644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195644

The article describes the manner in which the Black lives matter in the social media platforms achieved much growth through the use of discourses such as advocating that all lives matters.  The article describes that the main movement, Black lives matter was able to achieve much progress in the social media sites through contributing to the shaping of the conversations in a complex manner.  The special feature of the article is in the documentation of the findings in which the various opposing groups such as the black lives matter and the all lives matter have injected in the narratives existing between each other. The article delves on the wording and textual context in differentiating the activities in of the opposing groups in the social media platforms.  The author concludes that social media space divergences can be aptly interpreted through the integrating divergences and describing how the   counter divergences are brought up to divert the attention from the main issue. The article is helpful in future research work as it presents the manner in which competition between two opposing groups within the social media platform can be conducted. It will help in presentation of the manner in which the wordings and textual analysis are important in the development of a narrative.

Ince, J., Rojas, F., & Davis, C. A. (2017). The social media response to Black Lives Matter: how Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1814–1830. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931

The article focuses on the manner in which the social media uses in Twitter responded to the activism on the Black lives matter and thus perpetrating the formation of the movement.  The article describes the manner in which the framing of the movement was advanced through the social media participation of the various online users.  The special feature of the article is the manner in which the social media participation and use of the hash tags are instrumental in public framing of an issue. As such, the tweeting under the hash tag that Black lives matter helped in the understanding that  the social injustices committed to the African- American community were strongly opposed by the online movement.  The authors conclude that the social media framings emanating from the social injustices could escalate from discussion of one event to advocacy of social and policy change in the large sphere. The article would prove helpful in future research work as it outlines the manner in which the social activism could bring about positive change in policies regarding specific groups of people.

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Richardson, A. V. (2019). Dismantling Respectability: The Rise of New Womanist Communication Models in the Era of Black Lives Matter. Journal of Communication, 69(2), 193–213. doi:10.1093/joc/jqz005

The article main focus is the deconstructing of the narrative propelled in the civil rights movement where the male leaders were brought us as predominant activists. Through the use of the four Black women who started the Black lives matter movement, the article focuses on the manner in which the new womanist communication models are arising in the quest for social justice.  The special feature of the article is the focus on the woman communication models a varying feature from the traditional perspective in development of the social media activism. Although the activism on the Black lives matter that was initiated by women did not immediately rise, lately the hash tag black lives matter has been instrumental in advocacy of the social change.  The author concludes that the Black lives movement needs fresh women activists who will document their activities in propelling of the social justice for African- American community. The article will be helpful in the future research work as it brings a perspective of having women as content creators in the social media activism. It helps reconstructions of the philosophies that only male leaders did contribute much in the social justice movement.

Graham, R. (2020). Race, Social Media, and Deviance. The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, 67-90.

            he article focuses on the manner in which social media  is leveraged upon by racists and anti-racists in displaying  their sentiments on deviant behavior. The article focuses on the  deviant behavior as a sum  of both the sentiments that are pro-racists that are racists in nature. Additionally the anti-racists air out their opinions as counter-racists and speaking out against deviant behavior and advocating for the right course of action. The article is special as it is an analysis of the two discourses in the social media platforms that describes similar actions but in differing perspectives. One group is for the deviant behavior while the other one is totally against the deviant behavior.  The author concludes that the manifestation of both racist and non-racists sentiments on the social media shall not end soon.  As social media is an integral component of the growth of a society, the actions and attitudes towards different people’s group shall be manifested in the social media platforms.   The article might prove helpful in future research work as it describes the manner in which the Black lives matter activism is embedded on social injustices against a particular race- African- Americans.

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