The full paper to this bibliography can be found HERE

• Painter, Sidney. French Chivalry: Chivalric Ideas and Practices in Mediaeval France. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1940.

Chivalry has been a subject for historical ideas and social history. The material and nature of the subject used has made it impracticable in following the methodological history scholarship that has been established. Painter has come up with foot notes that have enabled the reader find the sources of quotations that are direct and indirect. There is a discussion of the nobles of France. This provides the reader is unfamiliar with the mediaeval history with the background needed to understand the chivalry chapters.

Generally, Painter has written a useful and delightful book on the subject of medieval history. There is a trace of military, economic and social elements that led to the formation of feudal class. The discussion of chivalry is divided into three parts: courtly love, religious chivalry and feudal chivalry with each part having its mutually exclusive values.

• Rudorff, Raymond. Knights and the Age of Chivalry. New York: Viking, 1974.

Knights were expected to portray loyalty to their lord and display courage in battle. By the 1100s, in defense of three masters, the code of chivalry developed a complex set of ideals where demand was given for the knights to fight bravely. He devoted himself to his chosen lady, his heavenly Lord and his earthly feudal lord. Also, the chivalrous knight protected the poor and the weak. The ideal knight was courteous, brave and loyal. However, most of them did not meet these high standards. For instance they mistreated the low class.

• Benson, Larry D. Malory’s Morte Darthur. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1976.

For over five hundred years, Malory Morte Darthur has delighted the English literature writers by shaping the images of court love, of adventure in King Arthur’s time, of knight-errantry and those of chivalry. Malory is an artist of imagination and skill worthy of general popularity as well as careful study. The argument by Larry Benson is based on gloomy interpretation such that a joyous celebration on Arthurian chivalry has been translated to darkness. In this text he examines the work as a chivalric romance against a background of 15^th century literary traditions and knighthood.

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The Morte Darthur is related to the Arthurian prose cycles by Benson as they developed in the 13^th to 15^th centuries and to the tradition of English romance. He traces the general development of Malory as a writer by portraying the ways he uses to apply his techniques in narrative with increases skills from the early tales to his successful works that he completed.

• Denomy, Alexander J. “Courtly Love and Courtliness.” Speculum 28 (1953): 44-63. JSTOR. 18 Jan. 2009  ttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2847180>.

Alexander discusses the courtly love as the species of the inherent movement in the soul of a man towards a certain object. This object is known to specify love and differentiate the manifestations of love from one another. Love is seen to be sensual and carnal when the object of love is the pleasure of sense. It is usually directed towards God, the opposite sex, a person of the opposite sex and the spiritual element. Courtly love is sensual love and is distinguished from other forms of sexual love through its motive or purpose.

• Kennedy, Beverly. Arthurian Studies XI: Knighthood in the Morte Darthur. Cambridge: Brewer, 1985.

The concern of Malory with knighthood is portrayed by Beverley Kennedy at the very heart of the Morte Darthur. There are three types of knight: the true (Grail Knights, Gareth and Lancelot), the Worshipful (Arthur and Tristram) and the Heroic (Gawain). The argument is that the thematic unity of the Morte Darthur is created by the knightly typology. Also, it gives Malory a chance to develop two contexts which are quite different one is political and the other pragmatic while the other is providential and religious. In this case, the reader can judge why the reign of Arthur ended in catastrophe.

• Kay, Sarah. “Courts, clerks, and courtly love.” The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance. Ed. Roberta L. Krueger. Cambridge UP, 2000. Cambridge Collections Online. Cambridge University Press. 04 February 2009 DOI:10.1017/CCOL0521553423.006

Meleaganz seneschal releases Lancelot from captivity so as to attend the tourney. He was released from imprisonment by Meleagnz’s sister who embarked on a month long quest to find and free him. The quest constitutes the adventure of a female who leads to a happy ending when Lancelot kills the king and Meleaganz and is led away by the court ‘a grant joie’. The charrete was used by Gaston Paris as the basis for the idea and the term courtly love. This idea was sometimes said to have been invented by Paris since he coined much of the term.

• Hay, Gilbert. “Chivalry in Principle.” Le Morte Darthur or The Hoole Book of Kyng Arthur and of His Noble Knyghtes of The Rounde Table. Ed. Stephen H. A. Shepherd. New York: Norton, 2004. 777-785.

Sir Thomas Malory is portrayed as being a weaker monarch more in keeping with those of 15^th century England and not as the strong fully just king of later portrayals. Arthur establishes his Pentecostal Oath that deals with the provision of strict behavioral guidelines for the knights where he finds the information needed in establishing justice in his kingdom. Also, he has legal custom at his disposal and the patronage system which can both provide strong control levels. However, Arthur does not use the tools of governing consistently in some cases.

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